Category: Communication

Drugs from Plants:

• Opium poppy (heroin, morphine, codeine)
• Blue agave (Tequila)
• Coca leaves (cocaine)
• Ephedra sinica (Sudafed, meth)
• Psilocybin mushroom (shrooms)
• Willow bark (aspirin)
• Sassafras root (ecstasy)
• Penicillium mold (penicillin)

Drugs from microorganisms:

• Belladonna alkaloids.
• Cinchona alkaloids.
• Cocaine alkaloids
• Ergot alkaloids
• Opium alkaloids.
• Rauwolfia alkaloids.
• Xanthine alkaloids

Drugs need to be tested before they can be used for medical purposes on human beings the reason why they need to be tested is because if they are not and the drug does not work on that person then it can cause side effects and could even lead to death for that person that is why scientist and doctors first test the drug before they can be used.

The process of Drug testing: First of all they are tested with computer models and human cells in a laboratory because many of the substances fail and then they damage the cell but if some of them do work then they go on the new stage of the process which is the part where the drug is tested on a animal to see if they work they mostly use animals that are have the same structure that the Humans have so if it does work then they are almost ready. When the animal testing is successful they will then move on the clinical trial they are tested on healthy volunteers first to check that they are safe if this process works then they will move on to the patients which have the illness to then ensure that it is safe and ready to give out to all patients that have the disease.

White blood cells produce a proteins which are called Antibodies, they are made when the white blood cell finds and unknown bacteria which they have never seen before this is called a Antigen when they find an Antigen the white blood cell will let the Antibodies they made lock on to the Antigen so when the come across it the white blood cells will destroy it. After they destroy that Antigen the Antibodies start producing rapidly so that they can explore the body for similar bacteria or viruses. Id the person is infected with the same pathogen again the white blood cell will produce that antibody again so that they can destroy it quickly and that is how people are immune from that bacteria or virus and will not become ill from it.

Antibodies are produced to only stick to one specific Antigen it will only lock on to that and nothing else this is why the Antibodies are produced by white blood cells because they can find different diseases and then destroy them before they cause any harm to the Human body.

The process of transpiration has multiple stages. First of all plants have Xylems this allows the plant to transport water around to the roots to the shoots and leaves of the plant. Plants have dead Xylems as well because they can store more water capacity. When the water is stored and the plant is ready to transpire, it can by making the water evaporate from the leaves in the plant to the air.

Transpiration occurs briefly at the leaves when the stomata allows the passage of Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen during the process of photosynthesis. This allows gas exchange between the atmosphere and the leaves.

There are four factors that can affect transpiration these are Light,Wind,Temperature and Relative Humidity. Light will affect transpiration in plants because the stomata normally opens when there is light so in daytime if there is no light it will not open so the process of transpiration will not carry out.Wind will affect transpiration by removing thin layers of moist air so the process can go faster. Temperature affects transpiration of plants because when the temperature is at 20 degrees celsius to 30 degrees celsius the process will be the fastest and if not then it will be a little slower and you want the process to be fast. Lastly Relative Humidity affects transpiration because when the Relative Humidity is high the stomata closes so the process cannot happen therefore we need the Relative Humidity to be normal so it can happen. These were the four factors.

What is Shakespeare trying to communicate about life in this passage spoken by the character Macbeth?

Shakespeare uses different techniques to communicate with his audience about life through Macbeth. First of all in the passage Macbeth says “she should of died hereafter there would have been a time for such a word”. Shakespeare is indicating in this short verse that Life just goes so fast and there is not enough time to fit everything in. The reason why this suggests that Macbeth is saying that is because he just found out his wife has died and he is in a pretty bad situation because there is an outbreak of war coming to him. Therefore he has no time to juggle his wife’s death and mourn for her.

One technique Shakespeare used in this Stanza is a metaphors he used it several verses talking about life. “Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player that struts and frets his hour upon the stage and then is heard no more” This is very powerful because in my opinion he is saying when life disappears and you die then you wont be heard no more, the bit where he is talking about just one hour on the stage reflects that he means life is just a short period of time and then your gone time just disappears.

In act 5 scene 5 Macbeth finds out his wife has died and then says that she should of died afterwards because he has no time to mourn her with this upcoming battle he has too much on his mind, he is also saying how life can go within a instant at this point I think Shakespeare is speaking to his audience because I believe he is speaking from his heart, it is true that life can instantly flicker off within in a second so live life because life is to short.

In my opinion I think Macbeth is an equivocator. The reason being is because he is undecided in many things for example when he was going to kill Duncan but he was saying how good he was and how he shouldn’t be killing him in his own house he should be the one protecting him since he is the host. “This even-handed justice commends th’ingredience of our ponion’d chalice to our own lips” in this metaphorical quote he says that it’s a bad deed and he shouldn’t be killing Duncan and that he should do it to himself and not to Duncan because he hasn’t done anything he’s feeling remorse already before killing him.

Glamis, and Thane of Cawdor the greatest is behind. Thanks for your pains

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Dramatic Irony- A dramatic device that allows the audience to be aware of things that some (or all) of the characters in a text do not. For example, in act I scene 4 of Shakespeare’s Macbeth, Macbeth speaks in an aside (to the audience) telling us that he is going to have dispense with the King’s son Malcom in order to become King himself.

Pathetic fallacy- A dramatic device that allows the mood of the characters in the text appearing in the weather of the text. An example of pathetic fallacy in Shakespeare’s Macbeth in act I scene 6 is when the King comes to Macbeth’s castle and they have just won the war and the weather is nice and calm.

Paradox- A dramatic device that allows things that don’t happen at the same time, happen at the same time. An example of paradox in Shakespeare’s Macbeth in act I scene 1 is when the witches quoted “fair is foul and foul is fair” this is paradox because they cannot happen at the same time.

Metaphysics- Is an abstract concept that allows things that have no basis in reality to exist and we cannot prove it to being real. An example of a metaphysical creature would be the witches in Shakespeare’s Macbeth in act I scene 3 the witches vanish, the reason why this is metaphysical is because we cannot prove them to be real and also they vanish in thin air when no physical thing can do that.

Away, and mock the time with fairest show, false face must hide what the false heart doth know.

okay we are going deceive everyone and pretend like we are going to not know and look like we are so upset that it happens in our house but actually deep down we will know who truly did it and our hearts will not lie!

“Besides, this Duncan
Hath borne his faculties so meek, hath been
So clear in his great office, that his virtues
Will plead like angels.”

In this passage Macbeth says how great a king Duncan is because he is stating that even if he gets assassinated today he will be greeted by angels to take him up to heaven because all he did in his life time was treat people with kindness and he was a really good person to everyone and to Macbeth as well.

“then, as his host,
Who should against his murderer shut the door,
Not bear the knife myself.”

In this he is contemplating his murder by saying he as the host should be against the murder of his king and he should be the one protecting him at his house but he is going to be the one holding the knife to kill the king who has done nothing wrong to him at all.